class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # 理解语言政策 ## 理解公共政策:多元视角与案例解析 ### 胡悦 ### 清华大学政治系 --- ## 目标 - 了解.red[什么]是语言政策 -- - 了解.red[为什么]要研究语言政策 -- - 熟悉语言政策的.red[MM-ML分类系统]和.colored[主要类型] --- class: inverse, bottom # 语言政策是什么 --- ## 语言政策的范畴 - 关于语言的所有政策和实施过程。 -- - 语言标准化 (*政府说什么语言*) + 教育语言 (*老师说什么语言*) -- - 语言生态 (*母语非官方语言者说什么语言*) --- 语言政策不一定是全国性的 .center[<img src="data:image/png;base64,#image/usaLang.jpg" height = 500 />] ??? Red: English only Blue: Bilingual Green: English plus Yellow: None (Nevada[nəˈvɑd ə]) --- class:inverse, bottom # 政治科学家为什么要了解语言政策 --- ## 语言政策之于社会政治生活 降低社会.red[损耗] ⇒ 增加治理.navy[效率]。 -- .pull-left[ **沟通损耗**  ] -- .pull-right[ **治理损耗** <img src="data:image/png;base64,#image/hakka.jpg" height = 320, width = 400 /> ] ??? “还我客家话运动”,1988年12月28日在台湾台北市举行的大规模示威游行 --- class:inverse, bottom # 如何研究语言政治 --- ## 语言政治分类学 (MM-ML) 核心: 官方语言(official language) -- 维度1: 官方语言.red[数量] Monolingualism vs. Multilingualism -- 维度2: 官方语言.red[来源] Mother tongue vs. Lingua franca ??? Mono: Korea Mult: Canada Mother vs. Lingua: Spanish the official --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#image/theory1.png) background-size: 1200px ??? Power sharing: 1 + the dominant group Power neutralizing: 1 + lingua franca Power sharing: N + native languages Neutralized-sharing: N + lingua franca + native languages --- background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#image/theory2.png) background-size: 1200px ??? Indonesia [ɪndoʊˈniʒə]: - Official: Malay (called Indonesian, 从Netherlands独立) - Native: Javanese, Sundanese, and other indigenous (700) Malaysia[məˈleɪʒə]: power concentrating/sharing - One official: Malay - Education: Malay, Chinese, and Tamil[təˈmɪl] --- ## 总结 .pull-left[ ### 什么是语言政策 * 语言标准化+语言生态 * 核心普通话 ### 为什么研究语言政策 降低社会损耗 ⇒ 增加治理效率。 ### 如何研究语言政策 * MM-ML ] ??? Num of OL: Monolingualism vs. multilingualism Nativity of OL: Mother tongue vs. lingua franca 1. Power-concentrating; 1. Power-neutralizing; 1. Power-sharing; 1. Neutralized-sharing. -- .pull-right[ ## 下节课 1. MM-ML → 语言政策比较研究 1. 亚洲语言政策比较与分析 ] --- class: small ## 延伸 语言政策如何影响政治态度与行为? + Hu, Yue. 2020. “Culture Marker Versus Authority Marker: How Do Language Attitudes Affect Political Trust?” *Political Psychology* 41(4): 699–716. + Hu, Yue, and Amy H. Liu. 2020. “The Effects of Foreign Language Proficiency on Public Attitudes: Evidence from the Chinese-Speaking World.” *Journal of East Asian Studies* 20(1): 1–23. + Tang, Wenfang, Yue Hu, and Shuai Jin. 2016. “Affirmative Inaction: Language Education and Labor Mobility among China’s Muslim Minorities.” *Chinese Sociological Review* 48(4): 346–66. --- .center[<img src="data:image/png;base64,#image/arrival.gif" height = 500 />] --- class: inverse, center, middle # Questions, Comments, Concerns?